Cityscape by Richard Diebekorn

Richard Diebenkorn seems to take the role as a reporter.  With the subject matter revolving around landscapes and places,  the content doesn’t express an overt feeling or emotion but seems to report the world from a bird’s eye view.  From an audience stand point, the works appears to be aerial views of cityscapes and beach views.  The artist describes the world abstractly but the subject matter is recognizable.  His descriptive type of line is the implied line with large geometric, planar shapes.  Regarding his major works, one could infer a sense of public spaces.  His landscapes and beach paintings seems to be areas of open space and not private.  A connection between the different forms of color or mass in his works is inferred.  The implied line is used to express a relationship with the different forms, and this seems to allow the audience to get a sense of an close relationship between the view and the viewer.  He would seem to be an activist but I don’t think this is the case.  His color scheme is complementary but the complementary color is separated with a white hue(for his landscapes and figurative art) to eliminate a strong contrast.

The Pop Shop by Keith Haring

Keith Haring (1958-1990) was an American artist during the 1980s.  He was born in Reading, Pennsylvania and studied graphic design at The Ivy School of Professional Art.  He moved to New York City in 1978 and continued his interest in art at the School of Visual Arts(Wikipedia).   The bulk of his works is based in graffiti and vivid iconic styled forms with a universal language.  This universal language flooded the 1980’s pop culture to the extent that his art appeared to be hieroglyphs, speaking symbols without words.  His most famous work and widely known design is the Radiant Baby.  The Pop Shop, a retail outlet, was founded in Manhattan in 1987.  It sold t-shirts, posters, coffee mugs, and hats with Haring’s designs.  The store closed in 2005 but the interior was completely designed and painted by Haring.   It is a continuous mural that included the walls, ceiling, and floor.  It is formed by black and white colors with bold curved lines.  I think having a room designed in this style could develop to a section solely devoted to Pop Culture and Art Design.

Arch of Hysteria by Louise Bourgeois

Louise Bourgeois (1911-present)  was born in Paris, France in 1911. She studied painting at the Ecole du Loure and at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts.  She moved to New York City in 1938 with her husband Robert Goldwater.  She continued her interest in art at the Art Students League of New York.   She still lives in New York.  Her most famous piece is the Maman, which is a 30 foot tall spider cast in bronze(Wikipedia).  The Arch of Hysteria is based on the French neurologist Jean Martin Charcot’s theory of hysteria.  Charcot based his hereditary origin of hysteria on his documented studies with female patients(Charcot 32) .  Charcot described hysteria as combination of physical tension, immobility of the limbs, and an extreme emotional state(Charcot 32) .  It was associated with females.   For Arch of Hysteria, Bourgeois chose a male figure instead of a female to counter the misconception.  An item that counters traditional thinking is a necessary piece and should be acquired.

Excerpt of Jean Martin Charot's Study

Aeneas and the Sibyl in the Underworld

Jan Bruegal the Elder (1525-1625) was a Dutch painter and a part of the renaissance movement.  His works were primarily landscapes with scenes from scripture.  The Aeneas and the Sibyl in the Underworld depicts a story from Virgil’s The Aeneid, where Aeneas wants to speak to his deceased father in hell (Bell 93).  For the journey, he takes along  a Sibyl to persuade Charon to carry him over the river Styx.  It appeals because it shows the Middle Ages’ concept of “Hell” which is always fascinating to the religious and the agnostic.  In the painting, there are demons, devils, nude bodies of damned souls, and a clothed group representing condemned souls (Bell 93).   Also, Virgil’s description of Aeneas’ journey leads to inspire Dante’s Inferno.  Electronic Arts made a video game/movie adaptation of Dante's Inferno (see video insert).     

California by Hiram Powers

Hiram Powers (1805–1873) was an American sculptor during the 1800s. He was born in Vermont and lived in Ohio.  He learned the art of sculpture in 1826 from Frederick Eckstein.   His most famous work is The Greek Slave, which became an abolitionists and Union  symbol (Civil War, North vs South).  Copies of the marble statue appeared in Union state capitol buildings.   Like the Last of the Buffalo, California is a reflection of American history.  It’s an allegorical work where the woman represents Fortune resting on a column of quartz(known to contain gold) while holding a divining rod or miner’s wand.  It’s a piece that is suitable and reflects the Gold Rush and historical origins of Colorado and California.  

The Last of the Buffalo by Albert Bierstadt

Albert Bierstadt (1830-1902) was a German-American artist. He was born in Solingen, Germany and moved with his family to New Bedford, Massachusetts in 1833. He studied painting at the Dusseldorf School in Germany and with the artist’s collective, Hudson River School. He is well known for his western panoramas. His works is similar to Thomas Coles’ approach with illuminated landscapes and aerial perspective. Bierstadt’s works were a result of several journeys into the West during the late 1800s. The Last of the Buffalo displays the American Buffalo heroically versus the Native American on the western plains. At the time, the buffalo were at declining numbers due to western expansion. The scene mostly took place decades before. Locally, the panorama fits nicely and appeals to the pioneers and western historians.

Reflexion by Renoir

Pierre-Auguste Renoir (1841-1919) was a French artist during the late 1800s-early 1900s and an Impressionist icon. His works were concern with personal and intimate settings but his famous pieces were centered around and expressed women’s elegance and serenity(Newman 33). In Reflexion , Renoir paints entirely with black which contrasts sharply with the redness of the flower in her hat and the women’s lips. It is a foundation piece that would solidify our direction and approach to defining art. Through Reflexion, the general public and art community would “see” that an appreciation of art is necessary for everyday life.

A Glance at the Quantum Cloud XXXIII

     The Quantum Cloud XXXIII, by Antony Gormley, was on display at the Denver Art Museum as part of the Modern and Contemporary Art Collection, in the Hamilton Building.  It is an indoor installation that stands 326 cm in height, 153 cm in width, and 147 cm in length.  It composed primarily of dark matted stainless steel bars that are 6cm x 6cm in size.  The subject matter is an abstraction or nonrepresentational of human figure standing with arms raised and being encompassed by a cloud which is represented by geometric lines projecting outward or inward radially from the human figure. The human figure is an actual cast of the artist, and the stainless steel bars forms the density and volume of the figure.  The appearance of a cloud that surrounds the figure is expressed by lines entering or exiting the figure at random locations.  The lines are formed by the same material as the human figure, dark matted stainless steel bars.  The content of the installation is that the human body is a focus or well of pure energy (inorganic) and vitality (organic); and these energies can form a human from within or disperse from it.  

    Born in London, England in 1950, and grew up in Hampstead Garden Suburb, North London, Gormley attended Ampleforth College, and Trinity College, Cambridge (Gormley).  He completed his postgraduate degree at the Slade School of Art, University College London in 1979.  He won the Turner Prize in 1994 for his Field for British Isles which consisted of 35,000 individual terracotta figures ranging from 8 to 26cm high, on a floor facing the viewer (Gormley).  The Field for British Isles was part of an exhibition at Torre Abbey, Torquay, England.   He was also given the honor as an Order of the British Empire in 1997.  His first monolithic statue was the Havmannen (1995).  The Havmannen is 11 meters tall human figure, composed of granite stone placed in the Ranfjord of northern Norway(Wikipedia).  Its success lead to a series of human figure statue projects placed in and around where people live and work, like  Another Place in 1997, and the Quantum Cloud in 1999.  The Quantum Cloud is a 30 meters tall sculpture constructed of tetrahedral forms of steel bars.  It was installed near the Millennium Dome in London.  The Quantum Cloud XXXIII is a conceptual derivative of the Millennium Dome outdoor installation.

 

     For the most of his creations, Gormley has taken on the role as analyst and seeks to reveal a hidden or universal truth about the human condition or state of being.  He chooses a non-descript human figure either standing, crouching or sitting, created out of lead, stainless steel, or iron.  The choice of a metallic, neutral, nude figure forces the viewer to place his or her impressions or feeling onto the figure, and it shows that the artist is investigating an internal process, idea or feeling regarding the human state of being.  The figure does not make an impression onto the viewer beside its stance or positioning and contextual placement.  In an interview with F. David Peat, on June 4, 1996, Gormley says, “The impossible thing I'm trying to do is accept that we live in the world of the visible but make it unsatisfactory enough that behind the visible is some other kind of potential that does not exist in the sculpture but exists in you the viewer.”  He hints or acknowledges that there is something hidden by the “visible” and he seeks to revel it.

     For Quantum Cloud XXXIII, Gormley chooses to use casting and modeling to form and rigid stainless steel, as the medium, to construct the installation.  The contour of the human figure is made from the life-like cast.  The interior space of the cast is filled with the lattice work of dark matted stainless steel bars.  The layered crossing of the steel bars forms the appearance of density and mass of the human figure.  The cloud appears present by allowing random steel bars to extend outward from the internal lattice work of the human figure. 

  
     Gormley uses the analytical line exclusively to form the both the internal structure and the exterior space of the installation.  The only curved or expressive line is the contour of the human figure.  The hue of the piece is very dark and contrasts with the white, well-lit background of the museum space it resides in.  Time, at first, does not seem to be an element of the work but if the viewer perceives the standing figure as in motion, then the installation appears to be a formation leading to the dispersion of a human figure, with the steel bars representing the pathways of energy.  By perceiving time, the title of the work becomes evident. The viewer “sees” on a subatomic level the formation or disintegration of energy or emotion.  Quantum implies a subatomic level and cloud references the orbital space of the electron around an atom (Griffin 393).  When applying the quantum physics interpretation, the human figure becomes a summation of atoms with orbitals that creates a cloud containing energy or a dispersion of energy emanating in different directions.  Overall, the work is symmetrically balanced and possesses a sense of unity with the surrounding environment.  The composition does communicate a feeling of empowerment and presence.

     The conceptual design and expression of the Quantum Cloud XXXIII appeals because it’s an ideal of the human body being intricately composed of energies and extremely full with vitality that can affect the surrounding environment by emanating or absorbing, physically or metaphysically.   The ideas and feelings expressed in the Quantum Cloud XXXIII is not a new way seeing or understanding the function of the human body as a well of negative or positive energy emanating in all directions to find a positive source of energy.  This social theory has been employed by writers and artists of Marvel Comics, DC Comics and creators of a plethora of video games.  Heroic characters like The Might Thor, Hulk, Green Lantern, Batman,and Superman are portrayed as possessing an internal focus of energy that seeks out to destroy its opposite or opposing well of light or energy, such as Loki, Doc Sampson, Sinestro, and Lex Luthor.  A good example is Thor & Loki: Blood Brothers, a motion comic by Marvel Knights Animation based on a graphic novel (miniseries) by Esad Ribic.  Through out the motion comic series, Loki dicusses and revels on a "subatomic" level his dynamically opposing relationship with his brother, Thor (video insert).  Another great example is Batman's Black and White series from DC Motion Comics. (video insert)




  



     By using this type of dichotomy for heroes and villains, very dramatic, believable, and entertaining storytelling can occur in print and in film.  In the article by Flintoff, Gormley is quoted as saying, “The challenge now is to offer back to people the same freedom that art took for itself. I love abstract expressionism; it showed it was possible to do anything. We don’t have to continue making perfect copies of gods and kings. Art can be a pure expression of forms of being alive.”

 
Quantum Cloud XXXIII by Antony Gormley

Works Cited:

 

Flintoff, John-Paul. “Antony Gormley, the who broke the mould.” The Times Online. 2 Mar. 2008. Times Newspapers LTD. 22 Nov. 2009 <http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/visual_arts/article3444837.ece>

  Peat, F. David. “Interview: Antony Gormley.” 6 Jun 1996. Pari Center for New Learning. 22 Nov 2009 <http://www.fdavidpeat.com/interviews/gormley.htm>

“New Works.” 2001. Norkenhake. 22 Nov. 2009 <http://www.nordenhake.com/php/artistsExhibitions.php?id=14>

   “Case Study: The Design and Analysis of Quantum Cloud.”  2009. LUSAS. 22 Nov. 2009 <http://www.lusas.com/case/civil/gormley.html>

Griffith, W. Thomas. The Physics of Everyday Phenomena. 5^th Edition. New York: Mcgraw-Hill, 2007

  “Antony Gormley.” 2009. Antony Gormley.  22 Nov. 2009 <http://www.antonygormley.com>

Wikipedia. 2009. 22 Nov 2009 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antony_Gormley>

"Antony Gormley."2016. 24 Sept. 2016<https://www.artsy.net/artist/antony-gormley>
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